浏览:1922008-5-10 0:18:43   来自friendqing:
为什么有些句子不是问句也用升调呢?很想了解一下这方面的规律,语音知识等。
在背nec3,但是发现每次自己读的和录音读的在语调上总有出入,录音的语调很丰富,变化很多,想模仿,但是总记不下来,后来每次又读成自己的读法。
向有经验的同学们求助了。

举例子:
nec3 13课
She wanted to find out whether it would be comfortable to wear.
想看穿起来是否舒服。

find out就是录音读就是升调,有规律可循吗??
楼主
  2个月前   friendqing:
转载一个,还没仔细研究
英语语音知识,怎样正确发音
2004年08月13日13:22:48 网易教育 



要想说好英语,应该学一点语音知识。下面是笔者总结的有关语音方面的一些基本知识,供你参考。

  1.关于语音的几个概念

  1) 字母:语言的书写形式。元音字母a, e, i(y), o, u,

  2) 音标:词的语音形式。

  3) 音素:音的最小的单位。英语中有48音素。

  4) 音节:由元音和辅音构成的发音单位。ap'ple, stu'dent, tea'cher, un'der'stand

  5) 元音:发音响亮,是乐音;口腔中气流不收阻碍;是构成音节的主要音。英语中有20元音。

  6) 辅音:发音不响亮,是噪音;口腔中气流受到阻碍;不是构成音节的主要音。英语中有28辅音。

  7) 开音节:a) 辅音+元音+辅音+e name bike home due; b) 辅音+元音 he, go, hi

  8) 闭音节:a) 辅音+元音+辅音 bad, bed, sit, hot, cup; b)元音+辅音it

  9) 重读音节:单词中发音特别响亮的音节。

  2. 元音:(注意:下面空方括号是电脑无法输入的音标)

  1) [i:] sea, he, see, piece, ceiling

  2) [i] sit, build, miss, myth

  3) [e] bed, desk, head,

  4) [ ] bad, land, bank, stamp

  5) [a:] car, fast, class, plant, calm, aunt

  6) [ ] hot, want

  7) [ ] door, more, sport, ball, warm, author, court, bought, caught

  8) [u:] good, who, blue, soup,

  9) [u] look, put, women, could

  10) [ ] cup, come, blood, rough

  11) [ ] girl, work, serve, nurse

  12) [ ] cadre, ago, forget, polite, dollar, doctor, famous, Saturday

  13) [ei] cake, they, play, eight, great,

  14) [ai] bike, die, neither, light, try, find, height, eye

  15) [ ] phone, cold, boat, soul, grow

  16) [au] house, town

  17) [ ] boy, oil

  18) [ ] dear, idea, deer, here, fierce,

  19) [ ] pear, care, there, fair

  20) [ ] tour, poor,

  3. 容易混淆的元音

  1) [e] [] bed bad; men, man; pen, pan; lend land

  2) [i:] [ei] real rail; greet, great; mean, main; read raid

  3) [e] [AI] bet bite; red write; said side, head, hide

  4) [au] [ ] house horse; loud lord; south sauce; now nor; count corn; cloud clause

  5) [au] [ ] found fond; gown gone; down don

  4. 辅音

  1) [p] pen,

  2) [b] bed, comb

  3) [t] tell,

  4) [d], day, played, wanted

  5) [k] cold, sky, quick, school, back, accept, box

  6) [g] big, go, guess, language

  7) [m] man

  8) [n] nine, knife, autumn

  9) [ ] bank, uncle, English, sing,

  10) [l] land, world

  11) [r] read, write,

  12) [f] five, cough, laugh

  13) [v] voice, of

  14) [ ] think,

  15) [ ] this, bathe

  16) [s] sit, miss, science, case, scarf

  17) [z] zoo, close,

  18) [ ] sure, she, social, nation

  19) [ ] pleasure,

  20) [h] hot, who, hour

  21) [w] wall, what, answer

  22) [j] yes

  23) [ ] child, teach, catch

  24) [ ] joke, bridge,

  25) [ts] boats

  26) [dz] goods

  27) [tr] tree

  28) [dr] dream

  5. 容易混淆的辅音

  1) [v] [w] vet wet; vest west; vine wine; very well

  2) [s] [ ] sink think; sort thought; miss myth; mass math

  3) [z] [ ] closing clothing; breeze breathe; bays bathes

  4) [n] [ ] thin thing; sin sing; ban bang win wing; ran rang

  6. 读音规则

  1) 重读音节(见元音和辅音的例句)

  2) 非重读音节 [ ] banana, student, today, after, [i] orange, secret, evening, very, Monday

  7. 特殊读音

  1)音的连读:前面的词以元辅音结尾,后面的单词以元音开头,这样结尾的辅音要和开头的元音连读。例如:not at all, half an hour, I love you and all. after all

  2)失去爆破:辅音爆破音或摩擦音后面跟的是爆破音、破擦音和摩擦等,前面的辅音要失去爆破。例如:good girl, good student, good job, expression, school, extreme

  3)音的同化:两个特殊的音碰到一起,会发出变异成特殊的音。例如:Would you do it? I am glad to meet you. Can't you see it? last year, this year,

  8. 重音

  1)单词重音

  A)双音节词

  a)一般在第一个音节重读。letter, sorry

  b)有 a-, be-, de-, re-, res-, in-, im-, en-, em-, es-, ex-, con-, com-, dis-, mis-, pre-, per-, pro-, trans- 等前缀的词,第二个音节是重音。a'bout, be'lieve, ad'dress, de'cide, re'port, con'demn, res'pect, com'pare, in'form, dis'cuss, im'press, mis'take, en'force, pre'pare, em'ploy, per'mit, es'cape, pro'duce, ex'claim,trans'late

  c)有 de-, in-, re-, con-, pre- 等前缀的重音与词义和词类有关, 一般名词的重音在第一个音节上,其它的词性在第二个音节上。'record, re'cord; 'insult, in'sult; 'conduct, con'duct; 'present pre'sent; 'content, con'tent

  d)有些复合词和带有前缀 re-, ex-, un-, pre-, post-, 等的词,有两个重音。'out'side, 're'tell, 'well-'known, 'un'real, 'fif'teen, 'Chi'nese, 'pre-'war, 'post-'war

  B)多音节词

  a)一般倒数第三个音节是重音。'difficult, 'communist, 'family, e'conomy, oppor'tunity,de'mocracy.

  b)有一些双音节词,加了前缀和后缀成了多音节,但这些词按原来词根的重音读音。'carefully, in'definite, 'comfortable, con'ductor, ac'cording, dis'turbance, 'complicated,es'tablishment,

  c)词尾有-eous, -grahpy, -ial, -ian, -ic, -ics, -ience, ient, -ify, -ion, -ious, -ity, ive 后缀的词,重音在这些后缀的前一个音节上。cour'teous, cal'ligraphy, edi'torial, his'torian, peri'odic, mathe'matics, ex'perience,suf'ficient, i'dentify, trans'lation, re'ligious, curi'osity, pro'tective

  d)词尾有 -ain, -ee, -eer, -ese, -ette 后缀的词,重音在该后缀上,而且有一个次重音。enter'tain, emplo'yee, mountai'neer, Japa'nese, ciga'rette

  2)句子重音

  A) 英语的节奏:(轻)-轻-重-轻-(轻)或重-轻-(轻)(轻)重

  B) 英语句子的长短:是由句子中的重读词的数目决定的,而不是象汉语那样由句子中的汉字数目决定的。

  C) 实词重读(副词重读),虚词轻读(冠词,单音节介词,单音节连词,人称代词,反代词,物主代词,关系代词,相互代词,助动词,情态动词和系动词be

  D) 实词不重读的特殊情况

  a) 实词第二次出现 He thinks of that as a child thinks.

  b) 一个名词被第二个名词修饰 I met her in the railway station.

  c) 代替词 Which book do you want? The small one.

  d) 感叹词中的 what 和how What a good day it is! How beautiful she is!

  e) street 在专有名词中 Wangfujing Street.

  f)this在这些短语中,this morning/afternoon/evening

  E)虚词重读的特殊情况

  a) 情态动词,助动词和系动词be在句首,句尾和否定时。Do you like it? Yes, I do. Are you a doctor? Yes, I am. Can you help me? Yes, I can. I don't like you. He isn't a worker.

  b) 情态动词表示可能,惊奇和肯定时。They may come this evening. Can it be five already? He must be in the room.

  c) 介词在句首和句尾。In the box, he found a letter. He is the person I talked with.

  d) 引导复合句的连词在句首。If you wish, I'll visit you. When he comes, I'll tell him.

  e)反身代词表示强调。He couldn't come himself.



1楼 回到顶楼 
  2个月前   friendqing:
英语语调的意义

西安交通大学 杜丽霞

语调(intonation),即说话的腔调,就是一句话里声调(pitch)高低抑扬轻重的配制和变化。世界上没有一种语言是用单一的声调说出的,以英语为例,英语有五种基本语调:升调(↗)、的降调(↙)、的升降调(∧)、的降升调(∨)以及平调(→)。一句话除了词汇意义(lexical meaning)还有语调意义(intonation meaning)。所谓词汇意义就是话中所用词的意义,而语调意义就是说话人用语调所表示的态度或口气。一句话的词汇意义加上语调意义才算是完全的意义。同样的句子,语调不同,意思就会不同,有时甚至会相差千里。请看下例:

1)A:Jean,can you bring me the newspaper?

B:Sorry?(↗)

Jean用升调说“Sorry”,其意思是“I didn't hear you.Could you say that again,please?”

我们再看下句:

2)A:Jean,can you bring me the newspaper?

B:Sorry.(↙)

在对话2)中,Jean用降调说“Sorry”,显然其意思是拒绝帮助或无能为力。

美国著名语言学家Kenneth L.Pike认为:

一个音节的绝对调高是不重要的,而一个音节与另外一个的相对高度才是非常重要的。

英语有四级能区别意义的调高:

1)特高调(extra high),即比正常的声调高两级,常在感情特别激动或惊讶时使用。

2)高调(high),即比正常的声调高一级,一般用于语句中关键性的重读词。

3)中调(mid),即说话人声音的正常高度。

4)低调(low),即比正常的声调低一级,

一般是降调的最低点。

应该按照说话人的态度来分语调模式,而不能按照句子的语法结构来分。没有所谓“疑问句的语调”或“陈述句的语调”。因为疑问句和陈述句都可以用各种语调模式来说。

因此,对于我们中国的英语学习者来说,通过了解某种调型所表示的某种态度或口气也就颇为重要。事实上,无论是在现实生活中还是在考试中,我们的学生常会因为对这些知识缺乏了解而无法确定说话人的态度、的感情、的口吻和意图等。然而这又是一个比较复杂的问题。本文将通过具体的例子从两方面来说明这个问题:

I.一句话中绝对调高及音调的相对高度所包含的意义

众所周知,人们在兴奋、的惊讶或感情激动时说话的语调就高,而在相反的情况下,语调则低。因此,在同一个场合中,如果一个人的语调明显高于另一个,或明显低于另一个,以此就可以推断出该说话人的意思及态度。

这里我们要着重谈谈一句话中语调的相对高度的不同所包含的意义。一句话中的语调波峰一般都是句重音所在。通过一句话中的语调波峰所在,我们就可以了解说话人的意思。如人们读“I live in the city.”这句话时,由于强调的对象不同,语调也就随之发生了变化。现不妨比较如下:

I(↗)live in the city.(隐含着在场的其他人不住在城里的意思)

I live(↗)in the city.(表示“我”只是“住在”城里,其隐含的意思是“我不在城里工作”或其他意思)

I live in(↗)the city.(表示“我住在城里边”,其隐含的意思是“我不住在城外”)

因此,对下面的对话所提问的问题进行选择时,就不难回答了。

3)M:Linda looked very tired these days.

W:She looked OK to me(↗).

Q:What does the woman think of Linda?(D)

[A]She saw Linda and me.

[B]Linda said she was fine.

[C]She looked up the word for me.

[D]She considered Linda was all right.

这句话里的句重音碰巧落在句子的最后一个单词“me”上。因为女士用升调重读“me”,这表示了女士有意与男士的看法形成对比,意思是:在你的眼里,她显得疲惫,可在我看来,她没什么问题。这表示了她那种无所谓的态度。

II.某些句型由于句尾语调的改变而引起意义改变的现象

1.使用疑问词who,which,what, how,when,where,why的特殊疑问句可以用降调也可以用升调,但含义是不同的。如:

4)A:Mr.Smith thinks we ought to get the money in hand first.

B:Who?(↗)

A:Mr.Smith.

B用升调说“Who”,表示听不清对方谈话中的某一部分,要求对方再重复那一部分。

5)A:We'd like to have someone to say a word at the beginning to welcome the group.

B:Who?(↙)

A:We thought that you or Dr.Johnson might do it.

B用降调说“Who”,其意思是问,对方想让谁在开场时致欢迎词。

2.附加疑问句可以读升调也可以读降调,意思是不相同的。降调表示发问者相信陈述句的内容,只等对方证实。升调表示发问者对陈述句内容的真实性没有把握,希望对方作出自己的判断。如:

6)A:You willfinish the work,won't you?(↙)

B:Yes,I will.

A用降调提问,意思是:I know you will finish the work,but I want you to confirm it.

7)A:You willfinish the work,won'tyou?(↗)

B:Yes,I will.(或No,I won't.)

A用升调提问,表示A心中没有把握,因此,得到的回答既可能是肯定的,也可能是否定的。因此,如果听到下面的对话并就所提问题进行选择时,哪个选项正确也就不言而喻了。

8)W:Mary says she likes playing tennis.

M:But she doesn't play tennis often,does she?(↙)

Q:Whatdoesthe man imply about Mary?(B)

[A]She plays a lot of other sports.

[B]She doesn't really like tennis.

[C]She only likes watching tennis.

[D]She has a lot of things to do.

3.语调可以反应谈话人的互动性。如:

9)A:Are you Mr.Blake?

B:Yes.(↙)

A:Room twenty-six.

在这个例子中,B用降调说“Yes”,表示B的认可,这是一个封闭式的回答,这表明如果A没有新的问题要问或新的信息要告知,也许他们的对话就可以结束了。

10)A:Are you Mr.Blake?

B:Yes?(↗)

A:Ah,the secretary would like a word with you.

在这个例子中,B用升调回答“Yes”,表示这是一个开放式的回答,相当于:“Yes. But why do you ask?”或是“Yes.But who want to know?”之意。这也就是说,B在回答A的问题的同时又向A提出了一个新问题,并要求A予以回答。

掌握了这一点之后,对于下面的对话所提问的问题,就不难回答了。

11)M:How long shall we stay at the Grand Canyon?

W:A day?(↗)

Q:What does the woman mean?(B)

[A]We shall stay at the Grand Canyon for one day.

[B]Shall we stay at the Grand Canyon for one day?

[C]To stay at the Grand Canyon for one day is too short.

[D]To stay at the Grand Canyon for one day is enough.

4.陈述句式一般读降调,用以陈述事实。若读升调,往往表示对所说事情的怀疑。如:

She lent him her car.(↙)(用以陈述事

实)

She lent him her car?(↗)(表示惊奇、的怀疑,含有“Did she really lend her car to him ?”之意。)

再请看下面的试题:

12)M:I started driving at 8:00yesterday and arrived here at 5:30 this morning.

W:You drove all night?(↗)

Q:What does the woman mean?

[A]Night driving can be dangerous.

[B]You shouldn't have driven during the night.

[C]Why don't you drive all night?

[D]Did you really drive all night?

答案为D。

5.有些一般疑问句的句式读作降调,实际上表示感叹。如:Hasn't she grown!(↙)这句话实则表示:她长得多快!

请看下面的试题:

13)M:Wasn't Sam's speech great!(↙)

W:Are you serious?

Q:What does the man say about Sam's speech?

[A]Sam's speech wasn't great,was it?

[B]Sam's speech was great,wasn't it?

[C]Sam gave a serious speech.

[D]Sam was not serious.

答案为B。

这里顺便说一下,问句不表示疑问的另一种情况:当一方提出一个问题,而另一方用问句作为回答时,这个问句有时是不需要回答的,而实际上相当于陈述句,但别有意味。如:

14)A:Are you going to watch TV again?

B:What else is there to do?(↗)

B反问A一个问题“What else is there to do?”,意思是:(除了看电视)还有什么好干的呢?

因此,对下面的问题就不难回答了。

15)M:Do you think Petty is qualified to do the job?

W:If Petty is not,who is?(↗)

Q:What does the woman mean?(C)

[A]Petty is not qualified for the job.

[B]Nobody is qualified for the job.

[C]Petty is well qualified for the job.

[D]Allexcept Petty are qualified for the job.

有些一般疑问句句式也不需要回答,其功能也相当于陈述句,但肯定结构表否定,否定结构表肯定,而且传递了说话人浓烈的情绪。如:

16)W:Haven't you got anything better to do?(↗)

M:Ok,Mum ,I'll turn off the TV and begin to do my homework.

显然,妈妈的意思是责备儿子不应该看电视,而应该做比看电视更有益的事——也就是说,妈妈认为儿子有更好的事可做。而对话中,儿子当然也明白妈妈的意思,因此说要关掉电视,开始做功课。再如:

17)M:I've observed you for ten minutes.What have you been doing?

W:Are you blind?(↗)

Q:What can be inferred about the woman's attitude toward the man?(B)

[A]Polite.

[B]Unfriendly.

[C]Indifferent.

[D]Cautious.

女士用肯定结构的一般疑问句说“Are you blind?”,意思是说“你不是瞎子,难道看不见吗?”故而可知,女士不太友善。

总而言之,只要英语学习者内心树立了对语调的重视意识,培养起敏感的感知能力和反应能力,经过多年的英语学习和积累,再加上我们从母语中获得的语调知识,我们肯定能成功应付语调的问题。而在听力考试中,除了我们能听得到的说话人的语音特征,如语速、的绝对调高、的语调范围及语调之外,辅之以词汇意义、的上下文线索、的四个选项所圈定的范围等,选出正确的选项应该不是一个困难的问题。


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  2个月前   vivianliv86:
好~~~~~~~~~~~~长啊……
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  2个月前   blovesea919:
呃,求助帖开在顶楼,楼主下次去那里发哦。

一般逗号问好升调。句号降调。
升调是为了引起别人注意。

至于想真正好好掌握语调只有多听多练。

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  2个月前   vivianliv86:
多看剧……是不?
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  2个月前   blovesea919:
英剧我有心里阴影……其实我对英国非主持人说话都有心里阴影。

越看越无奈,觉得英语白学了…… 加上个字幕组的误导,完全不知在说什么。。。

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